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Foreword
Introduction
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Oroville Union High School District
Science Curriculum
Science - Honors Anatomy and Physiology

Organization of the Body
Orientation of the Human Body
The learner will be able to name in order of increasing complexity the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body; explain their relationships; and ascribe correct anatomical terms to the regions, planes, divisions, and quadrants of the body. The learner will also be able to define homeostasis, explain its significance, describe how negative and positive feedback are involved, and describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease. The learner will be able to list and define the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 1 (1-25) [Textbook].  
  
Chemistry of the Body
The learner will be able to explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible and describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates. The learner will also be able to explain the importance of water, salts, and pH to body homeostasis. The learner will be able to describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of the organic compounds in the body.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 2 (26-63) [Textbook].  
  
Cells
The learner will be able to describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to the membrane's functions, describe the importance of each organelle within the cell, list the phases of cell life, name and describe the composition of extracellular materials and discuss theories of cell differentiation and aging. The learner will be able to name and describe the composition and importance of extracellular materials.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 3 (64-113) [Textbook].  
  
Tissues
The learner will be able to list the several types of tissues, their origins and functions, and outline the process of tissue repair. The learner will be able to describe the types of connective tissue found in the body, and indicate their characteristic functions.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 4 (114-147) [Textbook].  
  
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Covering, Support, and Movement of Body
The Integumentary System
The learner will be able to name the tissues and list the major layers of the epidermis and dermis, describe the functions of each structure within the epidermis and dermis, explain why serious burns are life threatening, and briefly describe the changes that occur in the skin from birth to old age. The learner will be able to describe how changes in skin color may be used as clinical signs of certain disease states.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 5 (148-171) [Textbook].  
  
Bones, Skeletal Tissues, and Skeleton
The learner will be able to describe the functional properties of each of the three types of skeletal tissue, explain how cartilage grows, describe the five important functions of bones, describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and flat bone, compare and contrast the two types of bone formation, describe the steps of fracture repair, and describe homeostatic imbalances of bone. The learner will also be able to name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons, describe their relative functions, and discuss how age-related skeletal changes may affect health. The learner will be able to describe how skeletal proportions change during childhood and adolescence .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 6 (172-197) and Ch 7 (198-247) [Textbook].  
  
Joints
The learner will be able to define, classify, and describe joints both structurally and functionally and give examples of each type of joint. The learner will also be able to name the most common joint injuries, compare and contrast common types of arthritis, and discuss factors that promote or disturb joint homeostasis. The learner will be able to describe the elbow, knee, hip, and shoulder joints in detail. .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 8 (248-275) [Textbook].  
  
Muscles, Tissue, and Muscular System
The learner will be able to compare and contrast the basic types of muscle tissue, list four important functions of muscle tissue, describe the gross and microscopic structure of muscle, explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract, describe the embryonic development of muscle tissues and the changes that occur in skeletal muscles with age, and compare and contrast the affects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles and on other body systems. The learner will be able to list and describe factors that influence force, velocity, and duration of skeletal muscle contraction. The learner will also be able to name and identify specific muscles on both the human and cat anatomy, stating the origin, insertion and action of each muscle .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 9 (276-321) and Ch 10 (322-385) [Textbook].  
  
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Regulations and Integration of the Body
The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
The learner will be able to list the basic functions of the nervous system, explain structural and functional divisions of the nervous system, list supporting cells and describe their functions, and classify neurons structurally and functionally. The learner will also be able to define resting membrane potential and describe its electrochemical basis. The learner will be able to define a synapse and describe how synaptic events are integrated and modified .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 11 (387-427) [Textbook].  
  
The Central Nervous System
The learner will be able to describe the process of brain development, name and identify the major regions of the adult brain, describe the structure and function of each major region of the brain, list and explain several techniques used to diagnose brain disorders, and describe several maternal factors that can impair development of the nervous system in an embryo.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 12 (428-473) [Textbook].  
  
The Peripheral Nervous System
The learner will be able to define the peripheral nervous system, list its components, and describe the developmental relationship between the segmented arrangement of peripheral nerves, skeletal muscles, and skin dermatomes. The learner will also be able to describe the process of nerve fiber regeneration.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 13 (474-511) [Textbook].  
  
The Autonomic Nervous System
The learner will be able to define the autonomic nervous system, explain its relationship to the peripheral nervous system as a whole, and describe some affects of aging on the autonomic nervous system. The learner will also be able to compare and contrast the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 14 (512-534) [Textbook].  
  
Neural Integration
The learner will be able to list the three levels of sensory integration, describe the levels of motor control hierarchy, and indicate the major brain structures believed to be involved in memory. The learner will also be able to define the EEG and distinguish between alpha, beta, theta, and delta brain waves.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 15 (533-557) [Textbook].  
  
Special Senses
The learner will be able to describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste and smell receptors, and explain how these receptors are activated. The learner will also be able to trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina, and explain how light is focused for distant and close vision, compare and contrast the roles of rods and cones in vision, list the cause and consequences of astigmatism, cataract, glaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, and color blindness. The learner will be able to describe the structure and general function of the outer, middle, and inner ears, explain how the semicircular canals help maintain dynamic and static equilibrium, and list possible causes of homeostatic imbalances of the inner ear.
Strand Scope Source
Special Senses Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 16 (558-607) [Textbook].  
  
The Endocrine System
The learner will be able to indicate important differences between hormonal and neural controls of body functioning, describe how hormones are classified chemically, describe the structure and function of the major endocrine organs, and describe the effect of aging on the functioning of the endocrine system.
Strand Scope Source
Special Senses Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 17 (609-649) [Textbook].  
  
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Maintenance of the Body
Blood and the cardiovascular System
The learner will be able to describe the composition and physical characteristics of blood, explain why it is classified as a connective tissue, and list six functions of blood. The learner will also be able to trace the pathway of blood through the heart, name the major branches of the coronary arteries, describe the events of cardiac muscle cell contraction, draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing; name the individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each represents, name some abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG tracing. The learner will be able to compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of arteries, veins, and a capillary bed; list and explain factors that influence blood pressure, define hypertension and describe its symptoms and consequences; provide examples of changes that often occur in blood vessels as a person ages and describe changes in the sites of blood production and type of hemoglobin produced after birth .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 18 (650-680),Ch 19 (681-716),& Ch 20 (717-776). [Textbook].  
  
The Lymphatic System
The learner will be able to describe the structure, distribution, and note the important functions of lymphatic vessels and outline its development.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 21 (777-791) [Textbook].  
  
The Immune System
The learner will be able to describe the surface membrane barriers and their protective functions. The learner will be able to describe the inflammatory process and list several inflammatory chemicals, name the body's antimicrobial substances, and explain how fever helps protect the body. The learner will also be able to define antigen and describe how antigens affect the immune system, give examples of immune deficiency diseases and of hypersensitivity states, cite factors involved in autoimmune disease, and briefly describe the role of the nervous system in regulating the immune response .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 22 (792-783) [Textbook].  
  
The Respiratory System
The learner will be able to identify the organs forming the respiratory passageways in descending order until the alveoli are reached, list and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system, relate Boyle's law to the events of inspiration and expiration, and explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space. The learner will also be able to compare the causes and consequences of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and lung cancer .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 23 (834-886) [Textbook].  
  
The Digestive System
The learner will be able to describe the overall function of the digestive system, list and briefly define the major processes occurring during digestive activity, list the enzymes involved in chemical digestion and name the food on which they act, and describe important abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract at different stages of life.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 24 (887-947) [Textbook].  
  
Nutrition, Metabolism, & Body Temp.
The learner will be able to list the six major nutrient categories, note important sources, and their main cellular uses. The learner will also be able to define metabolism and explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism; and note the importance of oxidation and reduction in metabolism. The learner will also be able to describe the effects of inadequate protein intake on the fetal nervous system. The learner will be able to describe how body temperature is regulated and the common mechanisms regulating heat production and retention. The learner will be able to list ways that commonly used medications may influence nutrition and health .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 25 (948-1002) [Textbook].  
  
The Urinary System
The learner will be able to describe the anatomy of a nephron and list several kidney functions that help maintain body homeostasis.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 26 (1003-1039) [Textbook].  
  
Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Bala
The learner will be able to list routes by which water and electrolytes enter and leave the body, describe the importance of sodium in fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, and relate it to cardiovascular system functioning. The learner will also be able to list the three major chemical buffer systems of the body and how they operate to resist pH change. The learner will be able to explain why infants and the aged are at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances .
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 27 (1040-1069) [Textbook].  
  
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The Reproduction System
The learner will be able to describe the common function of the male and female reproductive systems and describe the process of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenosis, discuss the physiological effects of testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 28 (1070-1117) [Textbook].  
  
Pregnancy and Human Development
The learner will be able to describe changes in maternal reproductive organs, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary system functioning during pregnancy, explain how labor is initiated, outline the events leading to the first breath of a newborn, and describe the changes that occur in fetal circulation after birth. The learner will also be able to define organogenesis, indicate the important roles of the three primary germ layers in the process, and describe the unique features of the fetal circulation.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 29 (1118-1148) [Textbook].  
  
Heredity
The learner will be able to define an allele, describe the events that lead to genetic variability of gametes, compare and contrast dominant-recessive inheritance with incomplete dominance and codominance, and describe the mechanisms of sex-linked and polygenic inheritance. The learner will also be able to explain how gene expression may be modified by environmental factors and list several techniques used to determine or predict genetic diseases.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin, Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2001, Ch 30 (1149-1164) [Textbook].  
  
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Anatomy & Physiology Lab Activities
The Human Body: An Orientation
The learner will be able to describe the anatomical position verbally or by demonstration. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, planes, and surfaces. Name the body cavities and indicate the important organs in each.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 1 (1-9). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Organ System Overview
The learner will be able to name the human organ systems and indicate the major functions of each. List two or three organs of each system, and categorize the systems organs by organ system. Identify these organs in a dissected rat or human cadaver or on a dissectible human torso model. Identify the correct system for each organ when presented with a list of organs.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 2 (10-20). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Microscope
The learner will be able to identify the parts of the microscope and list the functions of each. Describe and demonstrate the proper techniques for care of the microscope. Identify total magnification and resolution. Demonstrate proper focusing technique. Define parfocal, field, and depth of field. Estimate the size of objects in a field.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 3 (21-29). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Cell---Anatomy and Division
The learner will be able to define cell, organelle, and inclusion. Identify on a cell model or diagram the following cellular regions and to list the major functions of each: nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Identify and list the major functions of the various organelles studied. Compare and contrast specialized cells with the concept of the "generalized cell." Define interpahse, mitosis, and cytokinesis. List the stages of mitosis and describe the events of each stage. Identify the mitotic phases on slides or appropriate diagrams. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division and its product.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 4 (30-39). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Cell-Transport and Cell Permeability
The learner will be able to define differential permeability; diffusion (simple diffusion and osmosis); isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions; passive processes of active transport; bulk-phase endocytosis; phagocytosis; and solute pump action. Describe the processes that accounts for the movement of substances across the plasma membrane and to indicate the driving force for each. Determine which way substances will move passively trough a differentially permeable membrane (given appropriate information on concentration differences).
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 5A (40-48). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Classification of Tissues
The learner will be able to name the four major types of tissues in the human body and the major subcategories of each. Identify the tissue subcategories through microscopic inspection or inspection of an appropriate diagram or projected slide. State the location of the various tissue types in the body. List the general functions and structural characteristics of each of the four major tissue types.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 6A (49-67). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Integumentary System
The learner will be able to recount several important functions of skin, or integumentary system. Recognize and name during observation of appropriate model, diagram, projected slide, or microscopic specimen the following skin structures: epidermis (and indicate relative positioning of its strata), dermis (papillary and reticular layers), hair follicles and hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Name the layers of the epidermis and describe the characteristics of each. Compare the properties of the epidermis to those of the dermis. Describe the distribution and function of the kin derivatives--sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hairs. Differentiate between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Enumerate the factors determining skin color. Describe the function of melanin. Identify the major regions of nails.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 7 (68-76). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Classification of Body Membranes
The learner will be able to compare the structure and function of the major membrane types. List the general functions of each membrane type and indicate its location in the body. Recognize by microscopic examination cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 8 (77-79). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Bones and Cartilages
The learner will be able to list five functions of the skeletal system. Identify the four main kinds of bones. Identify surface bone markings and functions. Identify the major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone (or diagram of one). Identify the major regions and structures of an osteon in a histologic specimen of compact bone (or diagram of one). Explain the role of the inorganic salts and organic matrix in providing flexibility and hardness to bone. Locate and identify the three major type of skeletal cartilages.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 9 (81-89). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Axial Skeleton
The learner will be able to identify the three bone groups composing the axial skeleton. Identify the bones composing the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or a skull, and name the important bone markings on each. Distinguish the different types of vertebrae. Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures. Distinguish three abnormal spinal curvatures.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 10 (90-104). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Appendicular Skeleton
The learner will be able to identify on an articulated skeleton the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs. Arrange unmarked, disarticulated bones in proper relative position to form the entire skeleton. Differentiate between a male and a female pelvis. Discuss the common features of the human appendicular girdles (pectoral and pelvic), and to note how their structure relates to their specialized functions. Identify specific bone markings in the appendicular skeleton.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 11 (105-116). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
The Fetal Skeleton
The learner will be able to define fontanel and discuss the function and fate of fontanels in the fetus. Demonstrate important differences between the fetal and adult skeletons.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 12 (117-118). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Articulations and Movements
The learner will be able to name and describe the three functional categories of joints. Name and describe the three structural categories of joints, and to compare their structure and mobility. Identify the types of synovial joints. Define origin and insertion of muscles. Demonstrate or identify the demonstrate body movements.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 13 (119-130). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Skeletal Muscle
The learner will be able to describe the structure of skeletal muscle from gross to microscopic levels. Define and explain the role of the following: actin, myosin, fiber, myofibril, myofilament, perimysium, aponeurosis, tendon, endomysium, and epimysium. Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction and to explain its role in muscle function. Define agonist (prime mover), antagonist, synergist, fixator, origin, and insertion. Cite criteria used in naming skeletal muscles.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 14 (131-136). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Muscular System
The learner will be able to name and locate the major name of the human body (on a torso model, a human cadaver, lab chart, or diagram) and state the action of each. Name how muscle actions are related to their location. Name muscle origins and insertions as required by the instructor. Identify antagonists of the major prime movers.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 15 (137-164). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Skeletal Muscle Physiology - Frog
The learner will be able to observe muscle contraction on the microscopic level and describe the role of ATP and various ions in muscle contraction. Define and explain the physiological basis of the following: depolarization, repolarization, action potential, absolute and relative refractory periods, subthreshold stimulus, threshold stimulus, maximal stimulus, treppe, wave summation, tetanus, and muscle fatigue. Trace the events that results from the electrical stimulation of a muscle. Recognize that a graded response of skeletal muscle is a function of the number of muscle fibers stimulated and the frequency of the stimulus. Name and describe the phases of a muscle twitch. Distinguish between a muscle twitch and a sustained (tetanic) contraction and to describe their importance in normal muscle activity. Demonstrate how a computer or physiograph can be used to obtain pertinent and representative recordings of various physiological events of skeletal muscle activity. Explain the significance of muscle tracings obtained during experimentation.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 16A (165-176). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Histology of Nervous Tissue
The learner will be able to differentiate between the functions of neurons and neuroglia. List four type of neuroglia cells. Identify the important anatomical characteristics of a neuron on an appropriate diagram or projected slide. State the functions of axons, dendrites, axonal terminals, neurofibrils, and myelin sheaths. Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another. Explain the role of Schwann cells in the formation of the myelin sheath. Classify neurons according to structure and function. Distinguish between a nerve and a tract and between a ganglion and a nucleus. Describe the structure of a nerve, structure the connective tissue coverings (endoneurium, perineurium, and epinerurium) and citing their functions.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 17 (177-184). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses
The learner will be able to list the two major physiological properties of neurons. Describe the polarized and depolarized states of the nerve cell membrane and to describe the events that lead to generation and conduction of nerve impulse. Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another. Define action potential, depolarization, repolarization, relative refactory period, and absolute refractory period. List various substances and factors that can stimulate neurons. Recognize that neurotransmitters may be either stimulatory or inhibitory in nature. State the site of action of the blocking agents ether and curare.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 18A (185-191). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Brain and Cranial Nerves
The learner will be able to identify the following brain structures on a structures specimen, human brain model (or slices), or appropriate diagram, and to state their function: Cerebral function structures, Diencephalon structures, Brain stem structures, and Cerebellum structures. Describe the composition of gray and white matter. Locate the well-recognized structures areas of the human cerebral hemispheres. Define gyri and fissures (sulci). To identify the three meningeal layers and state their function, and to locate the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli. State the function of the rachnoid villi and dural sinuses. Discuss the formation, circulation, and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Identify at least four pertinent anatomical differences between the human brain and that of sheep (or other mammal). Identify the cranial nerves by number and name on an appropriate model or diagram, stating the origin and function of each.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 19 (192-210). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Electroencephalograph
The learner will be able to define electroencephalogram and to discuss its clinical significance. Describe or recognize typical tracings of the most common brain wave patterns (alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves) and to indicate the conditions under which each is most likely to be predominant. State the source of brain waves. Define alpha block. Monitor electroencephalography and recognize alpha rhythm. Describe the effect of a sudden sound, mental concentration, and alkalosis on brain wave patterns.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 20 (211-213). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
The learner will be able to identify important anatomical areas on a spinal cord or appropriate diagram of the spinal cord, and model or appropriate diagram of the spinal cord, and to indicate the neuron type found in these areas (where applicable). Indicate two major areas where the spinal cord is enlarged, and to explain the reasons for this anatomical characteristics. Define conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale. Locate on a diagram the fiber tracts in the spinal cord and to state their functional importance. List two major functions of the spinal cord. Name the meningeal coverings of the spinal cord and to state their function. Describe the origin, fiber composition, and distribution of the spinal nerves, differentiating between roots, the spinal nerve proper, and rami, and to discuss the results of transecting these structures. Discuss the distribution of the dorsal rami and ventral rami of the spinal nerves. Identify the four major nerve plexuses, the major nerves of each, and their distribution.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 21 (214-225). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Human Reflex Physiology
The learner will be able to define reflex and reflex arc. To name, identify, and describe the function of each element of a reflex arc. Indicate why reflex testing is an important part of every physical examination. Describe and discuss several types of reflex activities as observed in the laboratory; to indicate the functional or clinical importance of each; and to categorize each as somatic or autonomic reflex action. Explain why cord-mediated reflexes are generally much faster than those involving input from the higher brain explain. Investigate differences in reaction time of reflexes and learned responses.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 22 (226-234). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
General Sensation
The learner will be able to recognize various types of general sensory receptors as studied in the laboratory, and to describe the function and location of each type. Define exteroceptor, interoceptor, and proprioceptor. Demonstrate and relate differences in relative density and distribution of tactile and thermoreceptors in the skin. Define tactile localization and describe how this ability varies in different areas of the body. Explain the tactile two-point discrimination test, and to state its anatomical basis. Define referred pain. Define adaptation, negative afterimage, and projection.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 23 (235-241). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Special Senses: Vision
The learner will be able to describe the structure and function of the accessory visual structures. Identify the structural components of the eye when provided with a model, an appropriate diagram, or a preserved sheep or cow eye, and list the function(s) of each. Describe the cellular makeup of the retina. To Discuss the mechanism of image formation on the retina. Trace the visual pathway to the visual cortex and indicate the effects of damage to various parts of this pathway. Define the following terms: refraction, accommodation, convergence, astigmatism, emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia, ataract, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis. Discuss the importance of the pupillary and convergence reflexes. Explain the difference explain rods and cones with respect to visual perception and retinal localization. State the importance of an ophthalmoscopic examination.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 24 (242-255). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium
The learner will be able to identify, by appropriately labeling a diagram, the anatomical structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and to explain their function. Describe the anatomy of the organ of hearing (organ of Corti in he cochlea) and explain its function in sound receptors. Describe the anatomy of the equilibrium organs of the inner ear (cristae ampullares and maculae), and to explain their relative function in maintaining equilibrium. Define or explain central deafness, conduction deafness, and nystagmus. State the purpose of the Weber, Rinne, balance, Barany, and Romberg test. Explain how one is able to localize the source of sound. Describe the effects of acceleration on the semicircular canals. Explain the role of vision in maintaining equilibrium.
Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master Oroville Union High School District(a)
  Instructional Resources
 
· Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - Cat Version, Benjamin Cummings, 2002, Exercise 25 (256-265). [Laboratory Manual].  
  
Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste
The learner will be able to describe the location and cellular composition of the olfactory epithelium. Describe the structure and function of the taste receptors. Name the four basic qualities of taste sensation and list the chemical substances that elicit them. Point out on a diagram of the tongue the predominant location of the basic types of taste receptors (salty, sweet, sour, bitter). Explain the explain between the sense of smell and taste. Name two factors other than olfaction that influences taste appreciation of foods. Define olfactory adaptation.
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Strand Scope Source
Anatomy and Physiology Master