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Oroville Union High School District Physics COURSE TITLE: Physics |
| Motion and Forces |
| Understand that the motion of objects is generally predictable using Newton's laws. |
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Constant and Average Speed
The learner will be able to solve problems that involve constant speed and average speed.
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Newton's First Law
The learner will be able to understand that when forces are balanced, no acceleration occurs; thus an object continues to move at a constant speed or stay at rest.
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Newton's Second Law
The learner will be able to apply the law F = ma to solve one-dimensional motion problems that involve constant forces.
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Newton's Third Law
The learner will be able to understand that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite direction.
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Universal Gravitation
The learner will be able to understand the relationship between the universal law of gravitation and the effect of gravity on an object at the surface of Earth.
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Independence of perpendicular forces
The learner will be able to understand that applying a force to an object perpendicular to the direction of its motion causes the object to change direction but not speed.
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Circular motion
The learner will be able to understand that circular motion requires the application of a constant force directed toward the center of the circle.
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* Applicability of Newton's Laws
The learner will be able to understand that Newton's laws are not exact but provide very good approximations unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantum effects are important.
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* Projectile Motion
The learner will be able to understand how to solve two-dimensional trajectory problems.
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* Vector Resolution
The learner will be able to understand how to resolve two-dimensional vectors into their components and calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector from its components.
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* Statics
The learner will be able to understand how to solve two-dimensional problems involving balanced forces (statics).
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* Centripetal Acceleration
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems in circular motion by using the formula for centripetal acceleration in the following form: a = v^2/r.
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* Forces Over a Distance
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving the forces between two electric charges at a distance (Coulomb's laws) or the forces between two masses at a distance (universal gravitation).
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| Conservation of Energy and Momentum |
| Understand that the laws of conservation and energy and momentum provide a way to predict and describe the movement of objects. |
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Kinetic Energy
The learner will be able to understand how to calculate kinetic energy by using the formula E = (1/2)mv^2.
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Change in Potential Energy
The learner will be able to understand how to calculate changes in gravitational potential energy near Earth by using the formula (change in potential energy) =mgh (h is the change in the elevation).
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Conservation of Energy
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving conservation of energy in simple systems, such as falling objects.
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Calculation of Momentum
The learner will be able to understand how to calculate momentum as the product mv.
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Momentum and Energy
The learner will be able to understand that momentum is a separately conserved quantity different from energy.
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Impulse and Momentum
The learner will be able to understand that an unbalanced force on an object produces a change in its momentum.
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Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension by using the principles of conservation of momentum and energy.
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* Conservation of Energy
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving conservation of energy in simple systems with various sources of potential energy, such as capacitors and springs.
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| Heat and Thermodynamics |
| Understand that energy cannot be created or destroyed, however in many processes energy is lost to the environment as heat, that is as disordered motion of atoms. |
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Heat Flow and Work
The learner will be able to understand that heat flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between systems.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
The learner will be able to understand that the work done by a heat engine that is working in a cycle is the difference between the heat flow into the engine at high temperature and the heat flow out at a lower temperature (first law of thermodynamics) and that this is an example of the law of conservation of energy.
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Thermal Energy
The learner will be able to understand that the internal energy of an object includes the energy of random motion of the object's atoms and molecules, often referred to as thermal energy. The greater the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the object.
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Disorder and Uniformity
The learner will be able to understand that most processes tend to decrease the order of a system over time and that energy levels are eventually distributed uniformly.
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Entropy
The learner will be able to understand that entropy is a quantity that measures the order or disorder of a system and that this quantity is larger for a more disordered system.
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* Second Law of Thermodynamics
The learner will be able to understand the statement "Entropy tends to increase" is a law of statistical probability that governs all closed systems.
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* Engines
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving heat flow, work, and efficiency in a heat engine and know that all real engines lose some heat to their surroundings.
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| Waves |
| Understand that waves have characteristic properties that do not depend on the type of wave. |
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Waves and Energy
The learner will be able to understand that waves carry energy from one place to another.
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Waves through media
The learner will be able to understand how to identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, such as springs and ropes, and on the Earth (seismic waves).
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Wavelength, Frequency, and Wave Speed
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.
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Sound Wave
The learner will be able to understand that sound is a longitudinal wave whose speed depends on the properties of the medium in which it propagates.
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Electromagnetic Waves
The learner will be able to understand that radio waves, light, and X-rays are know wavelength bands in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves whose speed in a vacuum is approximately 3 E 8 m /s (186,000 miles / second).
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Characteristic Properties of Waves
The learner will be able to understand how to identify the know properties of waves: inference (beats), diffraction, Doppler effect, and polarization.
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| Electric and Magnetic Phenomena |
| Understand that electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have many practical applications. |
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DC Voltage and Current
The learner will be able to understand how to predict the voltage or current in simple direct current (DC) electric circuits constructed from batteries, wires, resistors, and capacitors.
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Ohm's Law
The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems using Ohm's law.
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Resistivity
The learner will be able to understand that any resistive element in a DC circuit dissipates energy, which heats the resistor. Students can calculate the power (rate of energy dissipation) in any resistive circuit element by using the formula Power = IR (potential difference) times I (current) = I ^2 R.
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Transistors
The learner will be able to understand the properties of transistors and the role of transistors in electric circuits.
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Charged Particles and Electric Fields
The learner will be able to understand that charged particles are sources of electric fields and are subject to the forces of the electric fields from other charges.
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Magnetic Fields
The learner will be able to understand that magnetic materials and electric currents (moving electric charges) are sources of magnetic fields and are subject to forces arising from the magnetic fields of other sources.
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Direction of a Magnetic Field
The learner will be able to understand how to determine the direction of a magnetic field produced by a current flowing in a straight wire or in a coil.
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Induction
The learner will be able to understand that changing magnetic fields produce electric fields, thereby inducing currents in nearby conductors.
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Plasmas
The learner will be able to understand that plasmas, the fourth state of matter, contain ions or free electrons or both and conduct electricity.
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* Vector Force Fields
The learner will be able to understand that electric and magnetic fields contain energy and act as vector force fields.
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* Force on a Particle in a Field
The learner will be able to understand that electric and magnetic fields contain particle in an electric field is qE, where E is the electric field at the position of the particle and q is the charge of the particle.
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* Calculation of Electric Field
The learner will be able to understand how to calculate the electric field resulting from a point charge.
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* Static Electric Fields
The learner will be able to understand that static electric fields have as their source some arrangement of electric charges.
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* Force on a Moving Particle
The learner will be able to understand the magnitude of the force on a moving particle (with charge q) in a magnetic field is qvB sin(a), where a is the angle between v and B (v and B are the magnitudes of vectors v and B, respectively), and students use the right-hand rule to find the direction of this force.
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* Conservation of Potential Energy
The learner will be able to understand how to apply the concepts of electrical and know potential energy to solve problems involving conservation of energy.
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| Scientific Method |
| To ask meaningful questions and conduct careful investigations (California Star Earth Science Blueprint: 9 Test Items, 15% of Test) |
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Investigation and Experimentation
The learner will be able to a) select and use appropriate tools and technology to perform tests, collect data, analyze relationships and display data, b) identify and communicate sources of unavoidable experimental error, c) identify possible reasons for inconsistent results, such as sources of error or uncontrolled conditions. d) formulate explanations using logic and evidence, e) solve scientific problems by using quadratic equations and simple trigonometric, exonential, and logarithmic functions, f) distinguish between hypothesis and theory as scientific terms, g) recognize the usefulness and limitations of models and theories as scientific representations of reality.
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